29.امت مسلمہ کو درپیش مسئلہ تکفیر کے بنیادی اصول و ضابطے سیرت النبی ﷺ اور فقہاء کی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں Compressed

This research paper explores the critical and sensitive issue of Takfīr —declaring a fellow Muslim to be outside the fold of Islam—in the light of the Seerah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and the jurisprudential insights of classical Islamic scholars. While Islamic teachings emphasize justice, patience, tolerance, and moderation, the misapplication of Takfīr in modern times has contributed significantly to sectarian divisions, extremism, and social unrest. The study examines the linguistic and technical definitions of Takfīr , and outlines the strict conditions and preventive principles that must be fulfilled before any such declaration can be made. It references the cautious approach of the Prophet ﷺ, the conduct of the rightly guided caliphs, and the balanced, disciplined positions of major jurists such as Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, Imām Mālik, Imām al-Shāfiʿī, and Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. The paper emphasizes that Takfīr is not merely a theological position, but a matter with serious legal and societal implications, and should never be influenced by political interests, sectarian biases, or emotional impulses. Through detailed analysis, the paper argues that the abuse of Takfīr undermines Muslim unity, fuels violence, and contradicts the ethical and legal framework of Islamic thought. The study calls for a revival of the traditional juristic discipline and a careful application of Takfīr in light of evidentiary certainty, contextual understanding, and proper scholarly authority to preser